The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) is the EU’s post-COVID instrument and supports reforms and investments across different policy areas. This webpage collects research and analysis on the RRF produced or supported by the Commission. It also makes available some datasets on the RRF.
Research Conference. 29 January 2026
Understanding the impact of the Recovery and Resilience Facility
As the last year of the RRF implementation has started, the aim of the conference is to take stock of its impact so far. The conference invites the academic and research community to join practitioners from public administrations and international organisations to discuss the research and preliminary evidence available. A call for papers was launched in 2025 to collect research work on the topic, and its best submissions will be presented at the Conference.
Call for papers on the economic impact of the RRF
The programme is available : Research Conference: Understanding the impact of the Recovery and Resilience Facility
The presentations cover the following papers:
- What can 240 000 new credit transactions tell us about the impact of NGEU by Alvaro Ortiz (BBVA research), Tomasa Rodrigo (BBVA research), David Sarasa (BBVA research) and Sirena Vazquez (BBVA research)
- Performance-Based Programs and Efficiency in Public Investment: Some Evidence from Italy’s national Recovery and Resilience Plan by Bucci V., Bugiaretti L., Gatteschi Silvia, and Rotondo Francesca (Cassa Depositi e Prestiti)
- What does it take to organize development projects? Spatial and temporal effects in Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan by Lorenzo Mascioli (Sciences Po) and Lauren Leek (University of Reading)
- Fiscal Simulus and Productivity: simulating the NGEU program with an endogenous growth model by Ruben Dominguez-Diaz, Samuel Hurtado and Carolina Menendez, Banco de España
- How can we make the next Next Generation EU perform even better? By Caroline Bozou (Sorbonne Economics Center (CES), University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) and Jérôme Creel (Sciences-Po/OFCE & ESCP Business School)
- Puzzling over reform ambition: capacity, governance, and commitment in national recovery and resilience plans by Edgars Eihmanis (University of Tartu)
- Negotiated and Negotiable? Contractual Governance and the Flexibility of the EU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility by Joan Miro (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) and Ana Mar Fernandez Pasarin (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona)
- The EU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility as a “Transition Stabiliser”; analysing government turnover in Italy, the Netherlands and Slovakia by David Bokhorst (Socio-Economic Council of the Netherlands and EUI Florence) and Andrea Capati
- The employment activated by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan and its characteristics by Gaetano Basso, Luigi Guiso, Matteo Paradisi, Andrea Petrella (Bank of Italy)
- Green Tags, Bigger Cheques, and Faster Tracks: Micro-Evidence from the Recovery and Resilience Facility by Muhammad Muddasir (ISAG—European Business School, Porto), Ana Pinto Borges (ISAG—European Business School, Porto) and Elvira Vieira (ISAG—European Business School, Porto)
- The efficiency of NextGenerationEU: Evidence from solar energy subsidies in Italy using satellite imagery by Jean-Charles Bricongne (Banque de France), Maximilian Freier (European Central Bank), Christian Huber (European Central Bank), Benjamin Lietti (Paris-Saclay University).
These research papers have been selected by the scientific committee of a call for papers that was launched in 2025 to collect research work on the RRF, in view of presenting the most relevant submissions at the Research Conference. The views expressed in these documents are solely those of the author(s) and do not represent the official views of the European Commission.
Datasets available for research
The Commission has made two datasets publicly available for research purposes.
The first dataset contains all RRF measures, and milestones and targets, per Member State, as described in the annex to the Council Implementing Decision approving the assessment of the Recovery and Resilience Plan. The first version of this dataset was made available on 15 April 2025.
An updated version of this dataset was made available on 11 July 2025 to reflect the revisions of the Council Implementing Decisions of Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia.
Another update of this dataset was made available on 26 January 2026 to reflect the revisions of the Council Implementing Decisions until that point.
- 27 JANUARY 2026
- 11 JULY 2025
- 15 APRIL 2025
The second dataset categorises all investment and reform measures under the RRF into industries, following Eurostat’s NACE classification. The database covers the RRF measures and sub-measures of the Recovery and Resilience Plans of all EU Member States and the corresponding NACE classifications, as well as information on the estimated (ex-ante) costs of the (sub)measures. The sectoral database can be accessed at this link.
RRF Sectoral database - Economy and Finance - European Commission
The economic impact of the RRF
The economic impact of the RRF can be analysed from different angles. The following is a collection of papers by the staff of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), the Reform and Investment Task Force (SG.REFORM) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC).
- Economic Impact of the Recovery and Resilience Facility in the Netherlands, November 2025
- Deregulation derailed: evidence from services markets liberalization in Croatia, July 2025
- Reforms and Investments. The benefits of joint implementation, June 2025
- Economic Impacts of the Recovery and Resilience Facility: New Insights at Sectoral Level and the Case of Germany, May 2025
- Quarterly Report on the Euro Area (QREA), Vol. 23, No. 2/3 (2024), Chapter III, December 2024
- Greece’s Loan Facility: Facilitating Corporate Investment through NextGenerationEU, July 2024
- Quarterly Report on the Euro Area (QREA), Vol. 22, No. 4 (2023), Chapter III, February 2024
- Quantifying Spillovers of Coordinated Investment Stimulus in the EU, November 2022
Further details on the national Recovery and Resilience Plans and the economic impact of the RRF in selected countries can be found on the country pages.
The RRF's support to the green transition
The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) supports large-scale reforms and investments contributing substantially to Europe’s green transition. Through a wide range of activities, the RRF advances this transition by, for example, investing in renewable energy, modern energy grids, and electricity storage, thereby supporting the EU’s goal of increasing the share of renewables to at least 42.5% by 2030. It also accelerates the rollout of clean transport infrastructure and the digitalisation and decarbonisation of mobility systems, promoting more sustainable and accessible transport across the EU. In addition, RRF support for energy efficiency reduces energy consumption while strengthening energy affordability and security.
Discover more about how the RRF is transforming Europe in the European Commission’s dedicated factsheets on its impact on:
- Clean power, covering renewable energy generation and networks
- Sustainable mobility for a clean and efficient transport
- Energy efficiency in housing and beyond
The RRF’s support to innovation
This evaluation, contracted by the Directorate-General for Research and Innovatio (European Commission) assesses how the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) supported research and innovation (R&I) across the EU27 by analysing 387 R&I measures in national Recovery and Resilience Plans.
Link to the main report: Study on the R&I measures in the Recovery and Resilience Facility - Publications Office of the EU
Link to case studies and country fiches: Documents - Research and innovation - European Commission
Studies on the impact of RRF-supported reforms
The Commission has contracted several small thematic research studies to begin assessing the impact of the RRF. The first three of these studies were completed in late 2025 and are published below. The focus of these studies is to provide initial results in terms of measuring the impact of selected RRF-supported reforms which have already been completed. The results of these studies will also serve as input for the ex-post evaluation of the RRF to be completed in 2028.
The publication of these studies is forthcoming.
- 27 JANUARY 2026
- 27 JANUARY 2026
- 27 JANUARY 2026
- 30 JANUARY 2026
- 30 JANUARY 2026
- 30 JANUARY 2026
The RRF’s Mid-Term Evaluation
The mid-term evaluation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility was completed in 2024 and covers the period from 2021 to 2023. It is accessible here Mid-term evaluation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) - European Commission